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Summaries

To what extent are underrepresented ethnic groups included in the Key Stage Four syllabus and how do teachers and pupils feel about it?
Degree:
PGT
Programme:
MA Leadership in Learning
Researcher:
Phoebe Singh
Keywords:
  • Qualitative
  • Student
  • Secondary
  • Focus group
  • History curriculum
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Summary:

Within this research the inclusion of underrepresented ethics groups will be explored within the KS4 AQA syllabus (2022). The purpose of this is to assess the impact this is having on the student of history and how both pupils and teachers feel about this, as well as drawing parallels with rising Neo-Conservatism within education. As follows, the research equestions will enable teachers to express their views on the rise of Neo-Convervatism in education through discussion of the “Island Story” of the National Curriculum and alongside pupils, asked to share recommendatons on how to enhance ethnic diverstiy within the syllabus. This research subsequently has concluded that underrepresented ethnic groups have been marginalised within the KS4 syllabus and despite teachers wanting to provide a more inclusive curriculum, ultimately time, subject familiarity and the need to meet the requirements of the GCSE have meant they have fialed to do so. Furthermore, it has also been observed that pupils are aware of the marginalisation of diverse ethnic groups within the KS4 syllabus, and additionally question the represtnative of those briefly included within it. Consequently, this has led to this research demonstrating that teachers need to have greater autonomy and Continued Professional Development opportunities at KS4. These recommendations are also to be made in conjunction with option changes within School X of the Case Study, to meet the interests of the pupils, and the findings shared within the Department of Education to instigate wider syllabus change.

Impact:

The community which I chose for the focus of this research was School X, a large comprehensive school in Rochdale, Greater Manchester. The rationale behind choosing this community was motivated by practicalities and also my beliefs. From a practical perspective I have worked within School X for two years and worked with GCSE classes since the start, enabling me to gain an understanding of the communities' interests. Yet another key reason for choosing this community is that as a teacher and mixed-race person, I have always focused my research on the inclusion of ethnic minorities and worked upon this area within my PGDE. Thus, I saw this as an opportunity to provide this community with a more inclusive syllabus and gain their perspective of how underrepresented ethnic groups are included at KS4. In order to do this, I will disseminate my research to the Head of the Humanities Faculty and Head of History, who will use the findings to inform the future KS4 syllabus.

The needs of the community addressed within this research is that both pupils and teachers want a more inclusive KS4 syllabus, which provides greater agency for underrepresented ethnic groups. This research suggests that pupils are aware of the importance of including diverse ethnic groups within the syllabus and expressed concern for how pupils would feel if they could not relate to the syllabus. Similarly, teachers expressed a desire to provide a more inclusive history syllabus, as they do at KS3. The implications of this demonstrate that the community is not satisfied with the current syllabus and changes need to be initiated.

The knowledge and recommendations from this research therefore have the ability to change the KS4 syllabus in order to meet the needs of the community. Furthermore, the recommendations have the potential to improve pupil engagement at KS4 and enable teachers to become more knowledgeable in delivering schemes on underrepresented ethnic groups. Consequently, this may lead to increased uptake of the History GCSE and lead to more pupils studying the subject at A Level and degree level. Not only would this meet the needs of the community who already value history as a popular option, it will increase uptake of Higher Education. Although this research focused on History, it may have the potential to influence the inclusion of underrepresented ethnic groups within other subjects. When presenting my findings to the Head of Faculty, it will provide the opportunity to share the results with the leader of Geography and RE, and further diversify the syllabus on a whole school level.

The community will recognise the impact of this research through the changing of options within the KS4 history syllabus. Not only will this meet the needs of the community, it will also encourage other aforementioned departments within the school to consider their inclusion of underrepresented ethnic groups. This would involve teachers and school leaders focusing more upon the stories of underrepresented ethnic groups within syllabuses and assemblies, which would endeavour to meet the needs and interests of the community.

Phoebe impact 1

Phoebe impact 2


Transition from Primary to Secondary School in Greater Manchester: A Qualitative Exploration of the Perspectives of Year 6 Children who Receive Pupil Premium Funding
Degree:
PGT
Programme:
MEd Psychology of Education
Researcher:
Liz Garner
Keywords:
  • Qualitative
  • Beliefs
  • Student
  • Secondary
  • Primary
  • Transition
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Summary:
This dissertation aimed to obtain the views of children in Year 6 who receive pupil premium funding (PPF) regarding their upcoming transition to secondary school as these children are largely absent from studies that focus on primary-secondary school transition (Cook et al., 2020; Smyth & Privalko, 2022). PPF is a government scheme that provides schools with money to support children who live in a lower socio-economic status (SES) household (GOV.UK, 2022a). Government statistics report that children who receive PPF have lower levels of attainment and are more likely to be excluded from secondary school (Cook et al., 2020; IntegratED, 2020). As well as this, there is research that suggests children from a lower SES background are more likely to experience a negative transition experience. So an insight into how a sample from this group of children feel about primary-secondary transition is needed (Evangelou et al., 2008; Smyth & Privalko, 2022). The research was led by two questions; the first asked what the children thought about their upcoming transition and the second asked about their perceived support networks. Once the researcher had got ethical approval, they contacted schools in Greater Manchester who had 50% or more of its pupils receiving PPF. Staff at schools who agreed to take part handed out information and consent forms to eligible families. The nine children (6 boys and 3 girls) who agreed to participate then took part in interviews during the school day via zoom. Following each interview, the researcher listened back and transcribed the conversation. Finally, they looked across all the interviews, identifying themes in the findings (See table 4). Some of the findings here are similar to other studies, in particular in the mixture of feelings that children have towards transition and some of the worries that they spoke about (Rice et al., 2021; Strand, 2019; Topping, 2011). The findings linked to the second research question, which asked about the participants support networks, fills a gap in the current research as less is known about this aspect of transition, especially from children who receive PPF (Smyth & Privalko, 2022; Spernes, 2020).
Impact:
The findings from this research can potentially be useful for Year 6 and Year 7 teachers as well as wider educational policy makers. The participants were able to share their experiences and perspectives on transition to secondary school as well as highlighting what was important to them with practical ideas for how the process could be improved. Their ideas along with the other findings could be used by education professionals to ensure that their transition policies and procedures match with what children who receive PPF perceive to be useful. In addition, as their excitement and concerns are similar to what other population groups have reported it is likely that any changes that were made would benefit others as well.

Transitioning to University Undiagnosed: The Experiences of Students Who Were Diagnosed with ASC or ADHD at University.
Degree:
PGT
Programme:
MEd Psychology of Education
Researcher:
Megan Watson
Keywords:
  • Qualitative
  • Student
  • Transition
  • Focus group
  • Special educational needs and disability (SEND)
  • Wellbeing
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Summary:
The aim of this dissertation was to understand the experiences of students who transitioned to university with undiagnosed Autism/Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The research aimed to do this through three research questions regarding (1) understanding their experiences of their transition, (2) identifying the factors students felt contributed to their experience, such as who they received support from, or what they feel did not help them, and (3) how students reflected on and understood their transition experience in light of receiving an ASC or ADHD diagnosis. The study recruited UK university students and recent graduates who had received either a diagnosis of or referral for ASC or ADHD while at university, as these students would have therefore transitioned to university with these conditions undiagnosed. To address the aims and research questions outlined above, data was collected through the use of online, text-based focus groups. After ethical approval had been granted, the researcher posted questions to the focus groups centred around the research questions outlined above, and participants who agreed to take part were asked to answer these questions, reflecting back on their transition experience. As the focus groups were text-based, participants were able to type their answers to whichever topics they felt comfortable discussing and had up to a week to do so. Participants could also discuss their experiences with other participants in their focus group. Results showed that participants experienced a number of changes across the transition period, including changes to routine and structure, changes in academic expectations and environment, and a new sense of independence. Many students experienced challenges with navigating all these changes at once, which is consistent with existing literature, as students with ASC and ADHD are often found to face additional challenges navigating this (Khalis et al., 2018; Van Hees et al., 2015). Participants in the current research had difficulties coping with the changes, doing so by engaging in heavy drinking or isolating themselves. Participants also noted that they were coping differently to their peers, which is common in students with ASC (e.g., Van Hees et al., 2015), however this was a particular problem for participants in the current study. Both new and existing friendships were perceived as crucial sources of support for participants, while participants noted the lack of support they received from university as something that made their transition more difficult. This is consistent with existing findings (e.g., Khalis et al., 2018; Lambe et al., 2018; Stevens et al., 2023). Finally, students explained how receiving their diagnosis provoked mixed feelings of acceptance and understanding, but frustration over what could have been. Although not in a university context, these mixed emotions regarding diagnosis is common amongst adults diagnosed with ASC or ADHD (e.g., Leedham et al., 2020; Hallerod et al., 2015). From this, it was concluded that students who transitioned to university with undiagnosed ASC and ADHD experienced similar challenges to those who were diagnosed prior to university, however the consequences of these challenges were amplified due to not being able to view difficulties through the context of a diagnosis. The need to further understand these experiences, as well as the barriers to diagnosis and support, was highlighted
Impact:
The findings from this research may prove useful to universities, researchers, and university students diagnosed with ASC or ADHD. The current study highlights a need for better and more accessible support from universities for students making this transition, so the findings could potentially be used by universities to target the development of support for adjustment to university life. In doing so, if further support was implemented this would potentially benefit all students transitioning to university, however may prove particularly beneficial for students with undiagnosed ASC or ADHD, as demonstrated by the current findings. Finally, the current study highlighted a number of points for future research, such as in elevating the voices of students who transition to university undiagnosed, and facilitating the development of support in universities. If further research is carried out, this may benefit students who transitioned to university with undiagnosed ASC or ADHD, as a better understanding of their experience would be developed, as well as a better understanding of what support could be put into place.

Understanding Paediatric Neurodevelopment: AVignetteStudy ofPreschoolLeaders in the UK
Degree:
PGT
Programme:
MEd Psychology of Education
Researcher:
Nadiah Kazzan
Keywords:
  • Education
  • Early years
  • Survey
  • Teacher
  • Perspective
  • Neuroscience
  • Executive function
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Summary:

The findings highlight that the sample of preschool leaders in the UK possess a basic understanding of neuroscience and executive function knowledge, and amongst that, a prevalent belief in neuroscience misconceptions. Firstly, the findings emphasised there were no differences in preschool leaders’ euroscience literacy, neuromyth prevalence, and executive function knowledge scores for those with different years of experience and qualification levels. These findings are consistent with existing research in the field (Bissessar & Youssef, 2021; Im et al., 2018). Secondly, the findings highlight that there were significant associations between preschool leaders’ neuroscience literacy, neuromyth prevalence, and executive function knowledge scores. This finding was also consistent with other research in the field (Ferrero et al., 2016; Gleichgerrcht et al., 2015; Ruiz-Martin et al., 2022). Thirdly, the findings outlined that qualification level was a significant predictor of pedagogical approaches for neurodiverse children, years of experience and executive function knowledge predicted pedagogical decisions for the ADHD pupil’s vignette and overall general neuroscience literacy and neuromyth scores of preschool leaders did not significantly predict the pedagogical decisions for the neurodiverse and neurotypical vignettes. Finally, all variables, years of experience, qualification level, neuroscience literacy, neuromyth prevalence, and executive function knowledge did not predict preschool leaders’ pedagogical approach for the neurotypical pupil. To the researcher’s knowledge, the present study provides the first evidence that years of experience, qualification level, and executive function knowledge are significant predictors of pedagogy towards neurodiverse pupils for preschool leaders in the UK. To explore whether the findings from this study translate into the classroom, future research could adopt a mixed-method approach using these measures paired with interviews and observations to measure pedagogical decision-making in the classroom. A key recommendation is that preschool professionals are educated on specific neuroscience knowledge, including executive functions and neuroscience misconceptions. It is crucial that preschool professionals can understand executive function and dysfunction to put appropriate support in place for children early in their neurodevelopment in order to maximise educational outcomes. Preschool professionals play a pivotal role in children’s executive function development, which in turn significantly predicts their academic achievement in later life. Therefore, preschool leaders and teachers should seek training on executive functioning to aid pedagogical approaches and boost pupil achievement. A further recommendation is for policymakers to consider including specific executive function training into the early career framework and initial teacher training routes for preschool educators. Promoting preschool professionals’ executive functioning knowledge requires a comprehensive approach and collaborative efforts across support systems to create an inclusive school and community. Further support and training could also be provided through the preschool setting.

Impact:

The research findings hold significant implications and recommendations. Implementing executive functioning and neuromyth training to teaching professionals in the preschool community, who are pivotal to paediatric neurodevelopment, may support them making more appropriate, evidence-based pedagogical approaches. The findings in this study may not only impact children’s educational outcomes but may also have an effect on their school readiness (Ansari et al., 2021; Gibb et al., 2021). With relevant knowledge of executive functioning preschool professionals, can adapt their teacher-led input and classroom activities to enhance educational outcomes. Parents of neurodiverse pupils may also benefit from the findings in this research, upskilling themselves to understand the neurological underpinnings of their children’s behaviour. Parents can actively engage with preschools to support their children’s learning and enhance their children’s environment at home. At a policy and governmental level, policymakers in the Department of Education could consider implementing these suggestions into initial preschool teacher training routes and early career frameworks and also by disseminating the word to preschools all around the UK to promote the importance of EF knowledge, awareness of neuromyths in their continuous professional development. At an educational psychology level, future psychological and educational assessment techniques could include executive functioning measures to understand teachers’ level of executive functioning knowledge and whether this supports learning methods provided by educational psychologists. At an academic researcher level, future research could adopt a mixed-method approach using the neuroscience literacy, neuromyth, and executive function knowledge measures paired with interviews and observations to measure pedagogical decision-making in the classroom to further understand these associations with broader populations such as primary school and early years foundation teachers.


Understanding secondary school teachers’ experiences of supporting students’ mental health and emotional wellbeing
Degree:
PGT
Programme:
MEd Psychology of Education
Researcher:
Joanne Ruth Moorhead
Keywords:
  • Interview
  • Teacher
  • Secondary
  • Mainstream
  • Culture
  • Education
  • Wellbeing
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Summary:
The number of children and adolescents in the UK reporting that they are experiencing poor mental health and emotional wellbeing (MHEWB) is increasing. Teachers can play a valuable role in supporting students as they see them regularly and are able to notice changes in their mood or appearance. They are often the first point of call for a concerned parent or a young person in distress. Their support is especially important during a child's time at secondary school, when they undergo substantial physical and social change. It is also around this time that symptoms of long-term mental health conditions may first appear. However, the findings of previous research undertaken with secondary school teachers have demonstrated that they have different understandings of what their role in supporting students’ MHEWB should be. These studies have also found also lack training, as it is not a compulsory component of initial teacher training programmes in the UK. This study aimed to understand how secondary school teachers in the UK perceive the role they play in supporting students’ MHEWB and their beliefs in their ability to carry out this task, what shaped these beliefs and how teachers would like to be supported. The target population was teachers who worked at secondary schools in the UK. Teachers who were responsible for leading on mental health at a whole school level, such as senior mental health leads, were not eligible to participate. Six teachers working in a range of different school contexts (e.g., state-funded, independent) were interviewed for the study. After participants gave informed consent, they were invited to take part in online interviews via Zoom. The interviews were recorded and coded to identify common themes across participants’ responses. In total, four themes were identified: expectations of teachers; teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs, training versus experience and teachers’ wants and needs. Participants believed that they should support students’ MHEWB but the responsibility they believed they should and could take for this was shaped by the resources available in their schools. Participants who worked in better-resourced schools felt that their role was to identify students’ concerns and refer these on, whereas those teaching in schools with fewer resources already found it challenging to balance their academic and pastoral responsibilities. Participants lacked confidence in their ability to support students’ mental health; their responses suggested this could be due to a lack of training and teacher stress. To increase their confidence to support students’ MHEWB, some participants wanted to receive more training, particularly around supporting students from minority groups, such as those identifying as LGBTQ+. Some wanted to receive more structured support, such as counselling, for their own MHEWB. Research into secondary school teachers’ experiences of supporting students’ MHEWB is a growing area. By understanding the factors that increase and detract from teachers’ confidence in carrying out this work, this study highlights how teachers can be better supported to fulfil this aspect of their role. Future research can continue to develop understanding of how teachers can be better enabled to support students’ MHEWB. Collaborative research with students from minority groups could also build understanding of how they would like to be supported by teachers.
Impact:
This research has the potential to benefit government policy as it provides insight into the challenges schools and teachers in the UK face in supporting students’ MHEWB. The findings suggest that some schools need additional funding for more staff and additional services to support students. The study also supports the findings of previous research which has demonstrated that there is inconsistency in the way in which MHEWB is addressed by different teacher training providers, leaving some teachers’ feeling that they lack the knowledge to support students effectively. Hence, making MHEWB a mandatory component of initial teacher training programmes could increase teachers’ beliefs in their ability to recognise signs of poor MHEWB in students. Within schools, school leaders can coordinate whole school approaches to MHEWB to ensure that staff and students’ wellbeing is prioritised. By clearly defining the responsibilities they expect teachers to take on to support students’ MHEWB, school leaders may prevent teachers from taking on more responsibility than is realistic. Teachers should also be given adequate time and space to be able to build positive relationships with students, which may encourage students to be more forthcoming with their concerns. School leaders should also consult staff to understand which professional development opportunities around MHEWB will be helpful, relevant to the school’s context and realistically manageable, given the existing demands on teachers’ time.

What Does It Take for A School-Based Intervention to Be an Attractive Option To Adopt Within A School? Teachers’ Perspectives on Mindfulness-Based School Intervention
Degree:
PGT
Programme:
MEd Psychology of Education
Researcher:
Meida Pesliakaite
Keywords:
  • Interview
  • Qualitative
  • Teacher
  • Beliefs
  • Culture
  • Education
  • Teaching and learning
  • Quality education
  • Formal education
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Summary:

This dissertation aimed to understand how teachers view and implement Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) in secondary schools in the UK. A diverse group of 6 secondary school teachers were interviewed using the MindUP program as a discussion prompt. The goal was to explore the challenges they face, their beliefs about mindfulness, and their preferences for support. The interviews, conducted via Zoom during school summer holidays, were recorded and transcribed for analysis. Reflexive Thematic Analysis (Braun et al., 2023) was applied using NVivo 12 software, allowing systematic organization, coding, and identification of recurring themes. Ethical considerations included safeguarding participant anonymity and providing support for potential distress. The study underwent ethical review at the University of Manchester. The findings revealed that while teachers are familiar with mindfulness and hold positive views, barriers like limited resources and pressure from school authorities hinder implementation. Through reflexive thematic analysis, three key themes were identified: Diverse Teacher Perspectives on Interventions, Existing Implementation Challenges, and Crafting Another Pathway for the Success of MBIs. These findings align with existing evidence and literature on mindfulness interventions in educational settings, corroborating the positive attitudes of teachers towards mindfulness practices. The identified challenges, such as resource constraints and time pressures, resonate with prior studies, emphasizing the recurring barriers faced in implementing new interventions. Additionally, the emphasis on personalized approaches and the pivotal role of school leadership in supporting mental health initiatives aligns with existing literature highlighting the significance of tailored strategies and administrative backing for successful intervention adoption in schools. The study contributes to the literature by providing nuanced insights into teachers' beliefs, self-efficacy, and the need for individualized support, further enriching the understanding of how mindfulness interventions can be effectively integrated into diverse educational contexts.

Impact:

The real-world applications of this research extend to various stakeholders, including schools, educational practitioners, teachers, students, parents, and the broader public. Schools and educational practitioners can benefit by gaining insights into effective strategies for implementing mindfulness interventions, fostering a positive school climate, and addressing challenges related to time, resources, and individual needs. Teachers stand to benefit from increased support, a personalized approach, and improved self-efficacy, contributing to their well-being and professional development. Students may experience reduced stress and anxiety through well-implemented mindfulness programs. Parents can benefit from knowing that their children are in environments that prioritize holistic well-being. They are also seen as playing a crucial part of maintaining benefits of MBIs that happen in school. The general public can gain awareness of the importance of mindfulness in education, potentially influencing cultural perceptions and societal attitudes toward mental health support in schools. The impacts are educational, cultural, and societal, with the potential to inform policy, influence teaching practices, and contribute to a broader understanding of the role of mindfulness in education.